Everything about October Manifesto totally explained
The
October Manifesto was issued on
October 17 1905 (
October 30 in the
Gregorian calendar) by Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count
Sergei Witte as a response to the
Russian Revolution of 1905.
The official name of the document is
The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order (Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка). The Manifesto addressed the unrest in Russia and pledged to grant
civil liberties to the people: including personal immunity,
freedom of religion,
freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly, and
freedom of association; a broad participation in the
Duma; introduction of
universal male suffrage; and a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the state Duma.
The manifesto was a precursor of the first ever
Russian Constitution.
In reality, the Manifesto and the Constitution didn't result in a significant increase in freedom or government representation for the Russian people, as the
Tsar continued to exercise
veto power over the Duma, and he dissolved and reformed it several times.
Opposition
The opposition to Tsar Nicholas II was divided by the October Manifesto. The
Kadets were appeased by the idea of having freedom of speech and a truly
representative government. However, The
Marxists maintained that Nicholas had really only made a small concession. The Duma was only a shell of
democracy, as it couldn't pass laws without the approval of the Tsar, and freedom of speech was heavily regulated. The dissmissal of the first and second Duma also showed that Nicholas II maintained his absolute power.
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